INTERVIEWS

All Transcripted Interviews can be found here in chronological Order:

Important to note: Due to copyright reasons no names can be published. From what I learnt it is more difficult to get an “official” Interview which is publishable to the internet, so I have found a loophole which implies that the contents of the Interview are solely experience based (of the representatives of the firm) and the answers are not to be connected with the Firm.
Yuuki Heshiki holds all rights to these Interviews and they are not connected to the Agencies whatsoever.
Due to the transcription there may be some flaws within the translation or sayings.

Interview with the Asakusa Culture Tourist Information Center:

Y: Good morning thank you for taking your time today. My name is Yuuki Heshiki and I study tourism I hope I can gain some Insights about Japans tourism through this interview. 

X: You are welcome and I’m happy to help you gain some insights. 

Y:  Can you provide me with an overview of your business and its role within the local tourism industry? 

X: Are we talking about our branch? Or the company? 

Y:  From both if it doesn’t give you too much trouble. 

X: No problem, so as you may be informed this Branch is owned by the JTA. So we have a few locations in Tourist dense areas where we provide Information as well as help to foreign and domestic tourists. So you asked about the local industry correct? 

Y: Yes, and I have read about the JTA being more of involved in planning and policy making, so how does this fit within your Branch here. 

X: You could call it that on a broad level. But when it comes to the local branches we work closely together with colleagues from all kinds of organizations to promote the local area. 

Y: So would you say your main focus is the Asakusa Region? 

X: Yes, exactly we provide information about nearby sights as for example the Kaminarimon as well as all kinds of attractions and locations worth seeing nearby. But we are not limited to this. So if customers have wishes and questions regarding their stay within Japan not only the Asakusa region we are also happy to help. 

Y: Thank you very much. So I could refer to you as an expert of the Asakusa region (laughs). My next question would be: How has the tourism landscape in Asakusa evolved over the past few years and what could happen in the future?

X: So Asakusa has always been and probably will always stay a tourism magnet. It’s history goes back into the Edo period and with the Senso-ji temple being a culturally and historically important building visitors will keep coming also in the future at least this is what we think. 

Y: This makes perfect sense, as I’ve have read recently the number of international tourists has been growing quite a lot in recent years also after the pandemic. Have you anyhow had to adapt to the increasing number? 

X: Yes, we’ve seen a rise in international visitors, especially before Covid. We have started and try to adapt by being more foreign friendly. Adding more multilingual support not only English but also Chinese, Korean and so on. And this not only from our pamphlets and maps but also some of our staff is multilingual. 

Y: That’s interesting, so are you multilingual too? 

X: little bit (in English) (laughs) But as you may know many people in Japan struggle with the English language as it so different to their own. 

Y: It truly is something completely different. (laughs) So my next question would be if you have noticed any type of change within the tourists’ interests when they come here?

X: Absolutely. Traditionally most visitors were mainly here for the Senso-ji temple and the Nakamise shopping street which still remains the main target for domestic tourists. But as for international tourists we have seen a shift. People tend to look for more meaningful, lets say cultural experiences of Japan. For example local food tours, kimono rentals and traditional crafts. 

Y: That’s interesting to hear. Is that also the reason for the exhibition in this building? And what kind of traditional crafts are popular among tourists? 

X: Yes exactly the as you have pointed out the exhibition about the history of Asakusa and Taito were not only installed to present our history proudly but also because we noticed the interest of the tourists. As for the traditional crafts tea ceremony’s as well as making of Japanese sweets are pretty popular otherwise calligraphy as well as the riksha rides. 

Y: Interesting. So with these changes do you think the area will change to meet these new interests? 

X: Possibly but I think Asakusa will always keep its historical flare, its our power point.^[1] But there might be new niche offering developing, such as tours or what we have noticed are SNS( social media) worthy spots such as themed cafes. The balance between tradition, culture and modern tourism trends is something we keep an eye on. We want to ensure that even while we grow and adapt not to lose what makes Asakusa special. 

Y: A very nice answer especially with the younger generation getting more and more tech oriented. How do you handle this, what strategies do you employ to attract tourists and differentiate yourselves from competitors in the market? Of course besides the historical aspect of the temple. 

X: Besides the unique historical aspect we try to work close with local businesses and connecting them with eachother. We also try to implement seasonal promotions, for example right now would be the summer festivals coming up. And we work on investing a lot in our digital outreach where we used to lack behind a bit. We want to maintain a strong online presence not only for essential travel tips but also about local tips, weather warning and so on. 

Y: Is that also the reason that the website offers eight languages? 

X: Exactly and we are working on offering even more as far as I know. 

Y:  Thank you now when it comes to cultural differences how do you deal with those? 

X: Cultural differences are something we encounter a lot, our approach is a mix of education, patience and preparation. So we want to ensure our staff is well trained in cross- cultural communication. Such as expectations and customs of from different countries. 

Y: What kind of differences for example?

X: Hmm, maybe things as bowing at temples or removing the shoes before entering specific areas. We want to explain these customs effectively in a friendly, non- judgmental way so tourists feel informed rather than corrected. 

Y: Are there any things you offer to help with these cultural differences? 

X: Yes, we try to use clear signage and brochures which should be designed informative and welcoming. Also we have some cultural workshops and tours in the area where tourists can get a hands on experience. 

Y: That’s nice is there anything which you might want to adivce tourists coming to visit?

X: We want to emphasize respectful tourism. While we encourage visitors to enjoy their time here, we also promote awareness about preserving local traditions and being mindful of behaviors that might be considered disrespectful. This might involve gently reminding people about noise levels in temples or appropriate ways to take photographs. 

Y: So that areas don’t have to be cut off as in Kyoto the Gion district for example?

X: Exactly, you are very well informed. Unfortunatly the city of Kyoto had to decide to close a few areas of the Gion district in Kyoto to protect its citizens of the mass of tourists. 

Y: So we have talked about cultural differences but if I may go into more detail about one specifc difference I have noticed, that would be the socalled power distance.  (Explains it quickly) How do you think Swiss tourists should act to ensure a smooth stay? 

X: Ah, power distance—that’s a great point to bring up. Japan does have a more hierarchical structure, especially in formal situations, compared to some Western countries maybe also similar to Switzerland, where things might feel more equal or informal. Understanding and respecting this dynamic can definitely help Swiss respectively western tourists to have a smoother experience in Japan. 

Y: What would you say are some important tips you could give them. 

X: I would say respectful communication as politness is key in Japan. Especially with service staff, officials and similar positions of authority. It’s common to bow sligthly when greeting or thanking someone. Using polite language even in english can also go a long way. 

Another thing to keep in mind is that formal titles are important. Even in less formal situations. It might feel distant to Swiss visitors, who are used to first names in casual settings, but using the last names is the custom here. 

Y: And lastly what is something which many tourists may overlook while visiting when it comes to the cultural differences such as the power distance?

X: Hmm, Western tourists should also be mindful of non-verbal cues. For instance, in Japan, it’s common to wait for instructions or gestures from a person in charge rather than taking the initiative immediately. This might feel different for swiss travelers, who are used to being more direct or independent in certain situations. Following the lead of a guide, host, or service staff can help avoid any miscommunication.

Y: Thank you very much for this interview and your time. 

X: You are very welcome I hope I could help. 

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^[1] Unique Selling Proposition. 

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Interview with representative of the Harajuku Tourist Information Center

Y: Good afternoon, thank you for taking the time to speak with me today. I hope to gain some insights about how the current exchange rate, as yen weakening. How is this affecting tourism and tourist behavior in Harajuku.  

X: Good afternoon, Yuuki! I’m happy to help. The exchange rate has been dropping lately. As you may know the yen is weaker than in previous years. And we have noticed that this has been impacting some aspects of tourism here in Harajuku.

Y: To start off, could you provide an overview of how the weaker yen has influenced the behavior of tourists coming to Harajuku?  

X: Absolutely. The weakened yen has made Harajuku more attractive to international tourists. Visitors from Western countries like the U.S. and Europe profit alot. The same goes for our neighboring countries. So, we’ve seen an increase in “spending” among tourists mostly on “fashion, souvenirs, and local experiences”. Harajuku is famous for its shops and boutiques and with the yen being weaker, tourists feel like they’re getting more value for their money.

Y: That makes sense! Have you noticed any specific spending patterns or changes in what tourists are buying?  

X: Yes, definitely. With the weaker yen, tourists are not only buying more but are also buying more expensive “higher-end goods”. In Harajuku, this means more tourists are purchasing items from “designer boutiques”. “Luxury streetwear” and even “custom-made goods” are very popular right now.

Y: That’s interesting! So, would you say that the weakened yen has drawn more international visitors to Harajuku? 

X: Absolutely, it has. Japan was already a popular destination for shopping and cultural experiences, but the lower value of the yen is encouraging even more people to visit. We’ve seen a rise in “repeated visitors”, especially from neighboring countries like South Korea and China. Harajuku is especially appealing because of its mix of “affordable fashion” alongside “luxury brands” we even have some second- hand stores, so tourists with varying budgets are all benefiting from the favorable exchange rate.

Y: Have you observed any shifts in the demographics of the tourists visiting Harajuku because of this economic situation?  

X: Yes, we’ve noticed a more lets say “diverse” group of tourists. Traditionally, Harajuku attracted younger travelers interested in Japanese street fashion and pop culture, but now we’re seeing an increase in “middle-aged” and even “older visitors”.

Y: Do you have any Idea why that might be the case? 

X: These groups are often more interested in “higher-end shopping” and “cultural experiences” rather than just the trendy youth culture, so their spending habits reflect that shift.

Y: That’s quite a shift in the tourist landscape. How has the Harajuku Tourist Information Centre adapted to this economic change?  

X: Actually, we’ve made several adjustments. We’ve updated our “language support” to include more languages. For example we’ve seen more tourists from countries like Thailand and Indonesia, where the exchange rate has made traveling to Japan more affordable. We also partnered with local businesses to create “shopping guides” and “discount offers” that should be directed to these tourists. If they have more information on the range of shops and products available in Harajuku they also buy more.

Y: Anything you have done with promoting Tax- Free shopping? As I myself sometimes like to profit of this in Japan. 

X: Yes, we havea, we’re promoting “tax-free shopping” more lets say aggressively. Many tourists are not aware that they can get tax refunds on their purchases here, so we make sure to explain this here. The weak yen and tax-free shopping combined makes Harajuku a shopper’s paradise.

Y: That’s a great initiative. Do you think the current exchange rate is sustainable for the future? Do you think in the future there will be any challenges in keeping this level of visitor growth?  

X: It’s difficult to predict exactly how long the weak yen will stay. But I would say it is definitely benefiting the tourism industry at the moment. But if the yen strengthens or the global economy shifts, we might see a slowdown in spending. Also, while the weaker yen draws in more tourists, “local businesses” and Japan’s economy as a whole face challenges, especially those that rely on imported goods, as their costs rise. If prices go up for certain items, it might affect how tourists perceive the value they’re getting, so that’s something we try keeping an eye on.

Y: Thank you so much for these insights! It’s been really helpful in understanding how the exchange rate is influencing tourism in Harajuku.  Now to my last question. 

X: Yes, what would it be? 

Y: Could you share your thoughts on how tourists spend their money compared to locals? Also, I’m curious to understand how the concept of money in Japanese culture compares to that in Switzerland or other Western countries.

X: That’s a great question! When it comes to “spending habits”, tourists and locals do approach things differently.

Y: Just tell me how you would say locals spend their money as we have already talked about the tourists spending patterns. 

X: Of course, so “Locals”, are more pragmatic in their spending. While they also enjoy the fashion and trends that Harajuku offers, they tend to shop more carefully, looking for “sales” or “budget-friendly options”. Harajuku is popular with younger Japanese, who may spend on clothes and accessories, but it’s more routine spending for them. Locals also tend to visit places they’re familiar with, and might not spend as much on activities like “riksha rides” or “traditional craft workshops”, which are more appealing to tourists. 

Y: That’s interesting to hear. How about the concept of money in Japanese culture compared to Switzerland or Western countries? 

X: In Japan, “money” holds a different cultural significance than in many Western countries I would say. There’s a strong emphasis on “savings and financial security” here. Japanese people generally value “financial discipline” a lot —the idea of saving for the future is deeply ingrained in the culture. There’s a saying here, “If you spend recklessly, you’ll become poor,” and this mindset affects how people manage their finances, from daily spending to long-term planning.

Y: Oh that’s interesting. What do you think of western countries like Switzerland?

X: Correct me if im wrong but I think in Western countries like Switzerland, there’s more of a culture of “spending on experiences and personal enjoyment”. While saving is important, many people in the West may prioritize spending on things like travel, dining, and entertainment, viewing it as essential to their quality of life. In Japan, there’s sometimes a more conservative approach, especially among older generations, where “frugality” is seen as a virtue.

That said, Japan is also evolving, especially in places like Harajuku, where younger generations are more open to spending on “fashion, entertainment, and dining out”, much like in the West. However, there’s still a noticeable “respect for the value of money” here—people may spend, but they often do so with a careful mindset, always considering the long-term effects.

Y: I agree. So, would you say tourists are more inclined to spend freely in Japan compared to locals?

X: Exactly. Tourists, particularly from countries where the exchange rate is favorable, often feel they’re getting more value for their money in Japan, so they might spend more freely.

Y: That makes a lot of sense. Thank you for this Interview. 

X: You’re very welcome! Glad I could help!

Interview with a representative of the Nui. Hostel

Y: Thank you for taking the time to speak with me. 

X: Of course! I’ve been with the hostel for a few years and I hope I can help you find the answers to your questions. 

Y: So from reading online about the Nui. Hostel it seems it has gained a reputation for being more than just a place to stay. Can you tell us a little about the concept behind it?

X: As far as I know Nui. Hostel was created with the idea of creating interaction between people nomatter what stage of life they might be in. We wanted to provide a space that feels both social and intimate, where travelers can connect, relax, and experience Japanese hospitality in a, comfortable setting. 

Y: That’s a really nice idea and how has this been working out?

X: So, we focus on building a community, which is something that sets us apart from other accommodations in the area. Also with the bar/ restaurant space. 

Y: Yes I’d definetly agree it’s nice to talk to people here. Is that also the reason there is a community space upstairs near the kitchen? 

X: Exactly, we purposely placed the washing machines there as well so that guets could talk to eachother during waiting times. 

Y: That’s very nice so what would you say, what kind of guests usually stay at Nui. Hostel? Do you notice any trends in terms of where they come from or their reasons for visiting?

X: To be honest we see a wide variety of guests, from solo backpackers to small groups and families or even business men. Our location in Tokyo makes us popular with international travelers, especially from countries like the U.S., Australia, and Europe, but we also host many domestic travelers from different parts of Japan. Many of our guests come to experience the cultural side of Tokyo, or they’re passing through on longer trips across Japan.

Y: That makes perfect sense. So what would you say is the main difference between domestic and international tourists? 

X: I would say many domestic guests mainly come to Tokyo for work purposes but prefer a more familiar place to stay instead of the “normal” business man hotels. 

Y: Funny that you mention those, as I was about to ask a question about the culture in Japan being more let’s say reserved. Do japanese guests purposely choose the Hostel to make connections?

X: Yes, I would say so especially we have noticed that the younger generation seems to want to interact more with other people this might be due to some social media trends in Japan. But I can also say that we get many “older” guests which just prefer a more sociable setting. 

Y: That makes sense especially with social media maybe helping younger people to want more social connections. So when it comes to guets do you have a peak season? And if so how does Nui. Hostel prepare for the increase in guests?

X: Our peak season is typically during the cherry blossom season in spring and also in the autumn months when the weather is pleasant and there are many festivals. Just as the one you got to experience yesterday for example. To prepare, we increase staffing, organize events to engage guests, and ensure that everything runs smoothly to accommodate the influx. It’s an exciting time because there’s such a vibrant mix of people. 

Y: How about during the low season? What strategies do you use to attract guests during quieter times?

X: So actually we don’t have that much of a low season as we are always fairly occupied but during the lower seasons, we focus more on local marketing and offer special deals or packages to attract domestic travelers or people looking for a quieter getaway or we cater to business men. We also use the time to improve facilities and introduce new services that enhance the guest experience.

Y: And I guess the restaurant and bar also helps to keep a steady income?

X: Yes, exactly as our restaurant and bar is also open to the public we have a fair amount of revenue throughout quieter months as well. 

Y: So we have talked about the concept which is designed for social interaction but Nui. Hostel attracts guests from high-context cultures, like Japan, and low-context cultures, like many Western countries. How does this affect your communication and interaction with guests?

X: Yes so, the difference in communication styles is something we try to be mindful of. Japanese guests, being from a high-context culture, may not express their needs directly. They often rely on non-verbal cues or expect us to anticipate their needs. Same goes when they interact with the other customers.  In contrast, guests from low-context cultures, like Western countries, tend to be more direct and clear in their requests. We train our staff to pick up on these differences, ensuring that we can accommodate all guests comfortably. 

Y: So would you say you have noticed any specific differences in how Japanese guests and international guests interact with your staff and with each other?

X: Absolutely. So even though japanese guests who come here they still generally appreciate privacy and tend to be more reserved. They might not ask for assistance directly but expect attentive service. On the other hand, international guests are often more open and eager to chat, especially in our common areas. The dynamic can be quite interesting in shared spaces like our café or lounge, where guests from different backgrounds meet and interact. But once the alcohol flows its all the same. (laughs)

Y: (laughs) Yeah, I’ve noticed that the Japanese are not as reserved drunk. But still Japanese guests who may value subtlety, how do you ensure that their needs are met without them explicitly asking? 

X: It’s about being observant I’d say. Our staff is trained to read body language and behavior. For instance, if we notice a guest lingering in the common area or looking uncertain, we approach them gently, offering help without being intrusive. It’s about balancing attentiveness with respect for their personal space.

Y: That sounds difficult to do, but I guess this could also be because I grew up in a different culture. 

X: Yes, it probably sounds more complex than it is, to us it’s natural.

Y: So then, how do you handle guests from low-context cultures, who may be more direct in their communication? Do you ever find that these different communication styles lead to misunderstandings?

X: Occasionally, yes I especially struggled when I started working here I just assumed everybody was suddenly rude (laughs). For example, a guest from a low-context culture might interpret a lack of verbal feedback as something negative, while in Japan, silence is often a sign of respect or contemplation. We try to bridge that gap by being clear in our communication with international guests, while also educating them subtly about Japanese customs. Most misunderstandings are minor and resolved quickly. 

Y: That’s a fair point and I can understand why you thought that it’s rude. With such a diverse guest base, what do you do to create a welcoming and inclusive environment for everyone?

X: So we try to create an inclusive environment through simple things, like offering bilingual signage and providing cultural tips to international guests, but also by organizing social events. Our bar and café spaces encourage interaction, and we sometimes host cultural workshops where guests can learn about Japanese traditions. We want everyone to feel at home, no matter where they come from.

Y: Does that also go for security? 

X: Yes, exactly for example that’s also the reason we have women only bathrooms so that everybody has the freedom to choose where they feel most comfortable. 

Y: That’s really nice. Do you offer any programs that help international guests better understand Japanese culture, or vice versa?

X: Yes, we do sometimes! We’ve organized events like tea ceremonies, calligraphy workshops, and even language exchanges. These not only help international guests engage with Japanese culture but also allow Japanese guests to share their own experiences and learn about other cultures.

Y: Do you organise these with local businesses?

X: Yes but it always depends on availabilty as well.

Y: So looking to the future, do you have any plans for Nui. Hostel in terms of expansion or new guest experiences?

X: We’re always looking to improve and evolve. Change is good but we want to ensure that we maintain the close-knit, community-oriented vibe that makes Nui. Hostel unique.

Y: So no plans specifically yet?

X: Not that I can tell (laughs) 

Y: Finally, what advice would you give to other hospitality businesses in Japan that want to cater to a more diverse, international audience?

X: My advice would be to focus on creating a balance between catering to international expectations and respecting local culture. It’s about being flexible but also helping international guests understand and appreciate the local customs. Clear communication and a warm, welcoming environment go a long way.

Y: I think you have created such a place here, thank you for your time. 

X:Thank you! It was a pleasure to share our story.

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Interview with a representative of the Kyoto City Tourism Association: 

Y: Thank you for taking your time today. I want to find out about Kyoto as a tourism destination and what your organisation does within the tourism industry. And after that I would also like to ask a few questions about the closure of the Gion district. 

X: Of course and I will try my best to give you helpful information.

Y: Great, thank you! To start, could you tell me a bit about the role your organization plays in Kyoto’s tourism industry? What are some of your key responsibilities?

X: Our organization works to promote Kyoto as a tourism destination. For domestic and international tourists. We work with local businesses and cultural institutions. Of course the government also helps to create campaigns, provide tourist information, and manage the flow within the city. Our biggest responsibility is that we want to preserve Kyoto’s cultural heritage. But this doesnt mean that tourism shouldnt benefit the local economy and community. 

Y: So with, Kyoto is such a culturally rich city with so many historic sites. How do you balance promoting tourism with the need to protect and preserve these cultural landmarks?

X: It’s definitely a difficult balance. Kyoto’s charm comes from its temples, shrines, and neighborhoods. These things have now existed for centuries. And we hope they stay in existance. One of our strategies is promoting less-visited spots. We want to encourge tourists to explore more than the most crowded spots. We also try to work with local communities to prevent that tourism interfere too much with their daily life. 

Y: So this is an attempt to have, lets say sustainable tourism?

X: Exactly, this is where sustainable tourism comes into play—we want tourism to enhance Kyoto, not overwhelm it.

Y: That makes sense, especially with the growing number of tourists each year. Speaking of managing tourism, could you talk about the recent closure of certain areas in the Gion district? Why was that decision made?

X: The closure of specific streets in Gion was a response to the overwhelming number of visitors in the area. Gion is famous for the geiko and maiko culture. It’s a living neighborhood and while we welcome visitors to experience this unique part of Kyoto, the number of tourists in certain areas became too disruptive for local residents. 

Y: In what way was it too disruptive?

X: So, some visitors, often without realizing it, were engaging in behaviors like following geiko and maiko for photos or entering private alleys. This led to a decision to restrict access to some smaller streets to protect the peace and privacy of the area.

Y: So but if it’s only some tourists why not try to educate them but instead “punish” tourists as a whole? 

X: So we have of course tried this approach first but given the number of tourists it was not possible to reach that number with our campaigns as well as our efforts. 

Y: So you were saying the closure is more about preserving the atmosphere and lifestyle of the people who live there?

X: Exactly. Gion isn’t just a tourist destination; it’s a neighborhood where people live and work. While we want visitors to experience the beauty and tradition of Gion, we also need to make sure that the local way of life is respected. The closures are really aimed at maintaining that balance. We want tourists to enjoy their visit, but we also want to protect what makes Gion special.

Y: Then how have these closures affected the tourism experience in Gion? Are tourists still able to visit and experience the area?

X: Yes, tourists can absolutely still visit the larger, main streets in Gion and enjoy the traditional atmosphere. The restrictions apply mainly to smaller residential alleyways where local residents live. We’ve made sure to provide clear signage in multiple languages. These should help explain the closures so visitors understand why certain areas are off-limits. Most tourists appreciate the efforts and respect the authenticity of the area. And I dont think it diminishes the overall experience.

Y: I see. Has there been any feedback from the tourists or local businesses regarding the closures?

X: Overall, the feedback has been positive. Tourists are generally understanding once they learn about the reasons behind the closures. For local businesses, especially those related to the geiko and maiko culture, it’s been a relief. 

Y: In what sense a relief? 

X So the local community has been complaining about it for years. The reduced foot traffic in residential areas has helped restore some of the tranquility that was being lost. And for businesses in the main areas, visitors are still coming, so there hasn’t been a negative economic impact. It’s been more about creating a respectful and sustainable tourist environment.

Y: That’s great to hear. Do you think these types of restrictions will become more common in other parts of Kyoto?

X: It’s possible but we would like to avoid it. We’re always evaluating how to manage tourism effectively without compromising Kyoto’s cultural and historical integrity. Other areas like Arashiyama and Fushimi Inari also face challenges with high volumes of tourists. In the future, we may look at similar measures for these areas to ensure that tourism remains sustainable and that both visitors and locals can coexist harmoniously.

Y: Kyoto is such a popular destination, especially with international tourists. How do you manage the cultural differences that might arise between international visitors and the local community?

X: Cultural differences can definitely be a challenge, but we see it as an opportunity for education. We don’t really have another choice. 

Y: So saying you don’t have another choice what do you mean by that?

X: So we live in Kyoto were natrually tourists will come this dates back even further than now when we only used to get monks pilgirn to the temples. It’s just that Kyoto attracts travellers because of its history.

Y: So how do you try to educate them because in the past it seemed to have worked did you change anything in an attempt to adapt to the recent changes?

X: So, we provide resources to international tourists, both online and in-person, to help them understand the cultural norms in Kyoto. For example, we have campaigns about proper behavior around geiko and maiko, temple etiquette, and respecting quiet residential areas. We also encourage locals to engage with tourists in a way that promotes cultural exchange. Ultimately, it’s about fostering mutual respect.

Y: That’s really important. But wouldn’t you say that has also been done in the past? So im now asking what has changed within the tourism industry and how you handle this influx of people. 

X: So, yes we have been trying similar approaches throughout the past but we can also say that we have improved our provided languages as well as truly made an effort to educate tourists. 

Y: But wouldn’t you say that you have somewhat failed to inform tourists properly if you have to close down certain districts. 

X: I wouldn’t call it failure, we just weren’t yet able to adapt to the numbers and most importantly we can only control the tourists behaviour to some extent so ultimately we also depend on their behaviour. 

Y: That makes sense, so before we wrap up, what advice would you give to tourists coming to Kyoto, particularly those visiting areas like Gion?

X: My main advice is to be mindful and respectful of the local culture. Kyoto has a long and rich history and what makes it so special is the that there still exsits a living culture next to the historic sites. I hope visitors take the time to learn about the customs and traditions. Being aware of their surroundings already helps a lot. For example when visiting Gion enjoy the atmosphere but remember that it’s a place where people live. If visitors are being respectful they have a much more meaningful and authentic experience.

Y: Thank you so much for your time and insights. This has been very helpful for my research. I’ve learned a lot about how Kyoto is managing tourism in a sustainable way.

X: You’re very welcome. I’m glad I could help, and I hope you enjoy your studies and your time in Kyoto!

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Interview with a representative of the Namba Osaka Info Center:

Y: Thank you so much for taking the time to speak with me today. Osaka has always been a fascinating city, especially for its “livleness” compared to other parts of Japan. 

X: Your welcome and welcome to Osaka!

Y: I’d like to start by asking: how has the flow of tourists to Osaka evolved in recent years as one of the most visited cities in Japan?  

X:  Yes, Osaka has seen a high increase in the number of tourists over the last decade. Even so much that before the pandemic we were experiencing record numbers. The main visits are by international visitor from East Asia such as China, Korea, and Taiwan. 

Y: So I assume this has also changed the city on some level? 

X: Yes, while we have always been a popular domestic destination, the growth in foreign tourism really transformed the city. Since travel has resumed, we’ve been seeing those numbers rise again, especially with the ease of visa regulations for some countries.  

Y: That’s fascinating. But to focus on the question.  How has the city adapted to accommodate the diverse demographic? Has it changed the way Osaka presents itself, or its tourism strategies?  

X:  Absolutely. Osaka is a very dynamic city. Naturally the rise of tourists has influenced the way we approach tourism. In addition to traditional sightseeing spots like Osaka Castle and Dotonbori we try to focus on improving accessibility and convenience for international visitors. 

Y: How have you done so?

X: So we started to include more multilingual signage, creating apps that help navigate the city, and ensuring that services are available in a variety of languages, especially Korean and Chinese. 

Y: Yes, I have seen this. I was even surpsied to see some “regular” shop staff in Osaka being able to provide multilingual support.

X: Exactly as have noticed that many of our staff at hotels, restaurants, and shops are proficient in those languages, which reflects the large number of tourists from these regions.  

Y: So connecting I can say that Osaka seems to have a higher concentration of Korean and Chinese-speaking staff compared to Tokyo, which is something that really caught my attention. Do you think this is a sign of a larger cultural shift within Osaka?  

X: That’s a great observation. Osaka has always had a multicultural aspect and we see that this grew in recent years. It’s not just a matter of hiring bilingual or trilingual staff. We want make the city more welcoming to a global audience. 

Y: So what would that include.

X: Hmm, I would say this includes adjusting the way we communicate, understanding the preferences and behaviors of different cultures, and even modifying the types of products and services offered. For instance, many restaurants now offer menus in Korean and Chinese, and some even cater to dietary preferences that are popular in those countries.  

Y: That’s so interesting to see. Would you say changes reflect a deeper cultural integration?

X: What do you mean by that? 

Y: So this connects with something I’m studying—the Acculturation Model by John Berry, which analyses how cultures interact and adapt. From your perspective, do you think the growing presence of international tourists has influenced how Osaka’s identity and culture are evolving?  

X: Aah okay, yes, I believe so. Osaka has always been a bit more “wild,” as you mentioned earlier—more open and expressive compared to other cities in Japan. That makes it easier for the city to adapt to outside influences. 

Y: Would you say a culture dominates the other? So the japanese culture which is obviously the “native” one. 

X: I would say what we’re seeing is an exchange of cultures rather than one dominating the other. Local businesses and communities are blending international influences with their own traditions, which has helped shape Osaka’s modern identity.

Y: Well said I also think to have noticed that, whether it’s the food, entertainment, or even the way people interact, there’s been a noticeable change that aligns with Berry’s theory of integration, where both cultures retain their distinctiveness while also merging in certain areas.  

X: Yes, I would agree with your observation. 

Y: Thank you so now, how do you see the future of tourism in Osaka? Do you think the city will continue to evolve in this direction, or will it return to its more traditional roots as tourism continues to grow?  

X: I think or let’s say hope it will be a balance. Osaka has a deep sense of pride in its local culture, so while we are embracing global influences, there’s a strong effort to preserve what makes the city unique. In the future I believe we’ll see a continued focus on creating a mixed experience. So that international visitors feel welcome,but also get a real sense of Osaka’s heritage. The challenge will be to manage this growth sustainably. Because we want to ensure that the local community and tourists coexist harmoniously. 

Y:  Coexsist is a beautiful way of putting it and I agree with your points. I think it’s important for any destination to have pride in their heritage/ identity. 

Y: So, I have a question regarding the cultural difference within Japan why do you think is Osaka more “wild” than other parts? 

X: I would say that Osaka’s “wild” nature stems from its history as a merchant city, where the focus on sales led to a more open and informal culture compared to places like Tokyo or Kyoto. Osakans are known for their directness, humor, and lively spirit, which sets them apart from the more reserved demeanor often seen in other parts of Japan. 

Y: This openness you mentioned, do you think this plays a role in the interaction with tourists as well? 

X: Yes, definetly. It is something which makes Osaka “unique” I would say. 

Y: Thank you lastly. What advice would you give to someone visiting Osaka for the first time. And lets say they want to experience both the traditional and modern sides of the city?  

X: I’d recommend starting with the iconic spots like Osaka Castle and Dotonbori to get a feel for the city’s vibe. But please don’t stop there. For example Shinsekai and Nakazakicho are neighborhoods which offer some real retro Osaka feel. Visiting local markets to experience the food culture is also always a good choice. 

Y:  How do you think tourists could also make a cultural experience to “truly” experience Osaka?

X: I would say to make sure to interact with the locals; Osakans are known for their warmth and humor, which is something you don’t always get in other cities. 

Y: I agree, because from my personal experience I can say Japan has a great customer service culture but it might seem a bit distant at times, maybe nearly too “perfect” whereas here in Osaka I have felt that there is a good blend of “ture” hospitality and warmth.

X: That’s a nice way of looking at it and im excited you like it here. 

Y: Thank you so much for your insights. I feel like I have a much clearer understanding of how tourism is shaping Osaka, and how the city is changeing while staying true to its roots.  

Y: It was my pleasure! Enjoy the rest of your studies and travels! 

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Interview with a representative on the U.S. Air Base Kadena:

Y: Thank you for taking the time to speak with me today. Could you start by telling me a
bit about the US presence on the island, particularly here at Kadena Air Base, and how it
has shaped life for locals and Americans?

X: You’re very welcome. Kadena has been hub for the U.S. military presence in the Asia-Pacific region since the end of World War II. It’s one of the largest U.S. military bases in the world of course we have an impact on the locals.

Y: What would you say is the relationship like between the locals and the “americans”.

X: The U.S. and Okinawa have developed a unique relationship over the decades, where
American service members, their families, and Okinawans live in close distance,
interacting in everyday life. This creates a intercultural environment that you don’t find in many places.

Y: That’s interesting. How would you describe the intercultural interaction that you have
mentioned? Do you think the relationship has changed over time?

X: It has definitely changed. Early on, there was a lot of tension, as you can imagine. But
over the years, we’ve seen a growing eIort on both sides to build bridges. Today, many
local Okinawans work on base, and there are cultural exchange programs, joint
festivals, and community outreach eIorts designed to promote understanding. Still, it’s
a complex relationship.

Y: What do you think that the locals think of the relationship now?

X: Hmm, I think while some Okinawans appreciate the economic benefits that come
with the U.S. presence, others are more critical, particularly regarding land use and
environmental concerns.

Y: It sounds like there’s a mix of cooperation and challenges. How do American families
adjust to living in such a culturally diIerent environment? Do they integrate into
Okinawan life or mostly stick to their own community?

X: It varies. Some families fully embrace Okinawan culture—learning the language,
exploring local traditions, and making friends in the community. A lot of people
stationed here also return after their service to retire here. Others find it challenging,
especially if they’re only stationed here for a short time. The base provides a lot of
support to ease that transition, like cultural sensitivity training and language classes,
but the degree of integration depends on every individual. Many families do engage with the local community through events like the Okinawa International Carnival or visiting local schools. At the same time, the base oIers a little slice of America, which can
make it easier for families to stay within that comfort zone.

Y: Speaking of cultural sensitivity, do you feel that the U.S. military personnel are well prepared to find themselves within the diIerences in cultural norms, especially in terms
of Okinawa’s traditions?

X: There’s definitely an emphasis on cultural awareness. Service members receive
briefings about Okinawa’s history and customs when they first arrive. For example, we
stress the importance of showing respect at local shrines or during traditional festivals,
and there’s awareness training about the significance of Okinawa’s peaceful protests
and environmental movements. That said, we don’t always fully understand the
Okinawan culture, and misunderstandings can occur, especially for newcomers. We’re
always working to improve that.

Y: From what I’ve observed, Okinawans seem very proud of their heritage and traditions.
How do they balance preserving their culture while adapting to such a long-standing
foreign presence on the island?

X: Okinawans are incredibly resilient and proud of their Ryukyu heritage. You’ll see that
in their festivals which continue to thrive despite the modernization around them. At the same time, they’ve adapted to the U.S. presence in ways that are quite unique. For
example, you’ll find Okinawan restaurants serving “taco rice,” a fusion dish that blends
Mexican and Okinawan flavors, which was influenced by the American presence.

Y: Funny that you mention Taco rice as it kind of has becone a staple dish of Okinawan
cuisine, even on the mainland.

X: Yeah it really has.

Y: So but what other approaches do the Okinawans take?

X: I’ve noticed that many Okinawans have also become bilingual, learning English to
engage with Americans on base or in tourist areas. It’s a delicate balance, and while
many like aspects of American culture, there is a strong eIort to preserve what makes
Okinawa distinct.

Y: The fusion of cultures is fascinating. Would you say that there’s a sense of cultural
exchange happening between the U.S. military and local Okinawans, or is it more one sided?

X: There’s definitely a cultural exchange, though the flow can sometimes feel uneven.
Okinawans have adopted certain American customs, especially in younger generations
who are exposed to Western music, fashion, and fast food.

Y: I’ve noticed this to especially close to the Air Base there is an “American Village”
where I think many soldiers also spend their free-time oI base.

X: Yes, exactly. I think american village is in general a hotspot for exchange between the
two cultures.

Y: So how is it on the american side?

X: So, on the flip side, many Americans here develop a deep appreciation for Okinawan
traditions—karate, for instance, or the local cuisine. The exchange is most visible in
shared events, like when American families participate in Okinawan Eisa festivals or
when Okinawans join base-sponsored activities. However, there are times when the
military community and local Okinawans remain somewhat separate, so we try to
encourage more interaction.

Y: That makes sense. How do Okinawans generally feel about the U.S. bases? I know
there are economic benefits, but there are also concerns about the environmental and
social impacts, right?

X: Yes, it’s a complex issue. Economically, the bases provide jobs and contribute to
local businesses, especially in towns like Chatan and Kadena. However, there’s also a
lot of concern about the amount of land occupied by U.S. military installations—

Y: Yes I’ve read about the land distrubution within U.S Bases in Japan.

X: Exactly so as you seem to know Okinawa hosts a disproportionate number of U.S.
bases compared to the rest of Japan. Environmental issues like noise pollution,
especially from air traIic at Kadena, and occasional incidents involving military
personnel have caused tensions. There are active protests against the presence of the
bases, and these feelings run deep for some Okinawans, especially among older generations. But at the same time, many younger Okinawans see the U.S. presence as
part of their modern reality.

Y: So the younger generation doesn’t really know what life is like without the US Bases?

X: You can also put it that way yes.

Y: So do you think there’s a future where the U.S. military presence will decrease, or is
the relationship here more of a long-term arrangement?

X: That’s hard to say. The importance of Okinawas location in the Asia-Pacific, means that the U.S. military presence is likely to continue. However, i’ve heard that there is renegotiation between the U.S. and Japanese governments. In recent years, there’s been talk of relocating some bases to less populated areas, but it’s a sensitive topic. What’s clear is that whatever happens, the relationship between Okinawa and the U.S. will remain a significant part of life on the island.

Y: Thank you for providing such a interesting perspective. Before we end this Interview,
do you have any advice for someone like new, who is here to understand and experience the intercultural aspects of life on Okinawa?

X: My advice would be to dive into both cultures as much as you can. Don’t just stay
within the American or the Okinawan community—explore both. And always be open to
learning and listening. Okinawa has so much to oIer, culturally and historically.

Y: That’s great advice. Thank you again for your time and insights.

X: You’re welcome! I’m glad I could share. Best of luck with the rest of your studies and
experiences here.

Interview with Cheng a Taiwanese Sausage stand owner:

Y: What are some traditional cultural values in your community that are important but
not always obvious to outsiders?

X: Family and community are very important. We believe in helping each other. In the
night market, we often support one another. But that sense of helping each other might
not be seen by tourists.

Y: How do people in your Taipei typically interact with foreign visitors? Have these
practices changed over time?

X: We’re friendly and polite to foreign visitors. We always smile and want to help. It’s
normal to see more tourists. So many of us have learned a little English to sell better.

Y: What challenges do you think tourists might face when trying to understand your
culture, and how do locals usually help?

X: Some tourists might struggle with language. Some with understanding our food
culture. But we try to help by explaining our dishes. (points to the pictures). Sometimes
even using hands (I think this means gestures?) to make them feel more comfortable.

Y: How does the presence of international tourists influence daily life or traditions in
your community?

X: Tourists bring more energy and business. But they change the kinds of food we oIer.
They like diIerent things. Now, we add more special dishes for diIerent tastes. But the
traditional food stays too.

Y: Can you share an example of a personal or community event that reflects an
important cultural value in Taipei?

X: The Lantern Festival is a big event here. It’s a time when the community comes
together to celebrate. This shows our value of unity and tradition. Every family lights
lanterns and makes wishes for the new year.

Y: So, my last question would be: You have mentioned that you help each other at the
night market. Why is that so are the other stands not your competition?

X: We help each other because it makes the market better for everyone. Even though
we’re selling diIerent things, we’re all part of the same community. Also, many of us
know each other for a long time, so it’s not just about business.

Y: Thank you for your time.

Interview with Mei, a Bubble Tea Stand Owner:

Y: What are some traditional cultural values in your community that are important but
not always obvious to outsiders?

X: For us, respect is very important. We show it through small things, like how we talk to
each other. Also, we are very proud of our food and drinks! But tourists might not notice
how much love we put into making it.

Y: How do people in Taipei typically interact with foreign visitors? Have these practices
changed over time?

X: We’ve become more open. Foreigners love bubble tea. I get excited to share it with
them. Now, many stands like me have English menus. It helps me sell better and I hope
it makes visitors feel welcome.

Y: What challenges do you think tourists might face when trying to understand your
culture, and how do locals usually help?

X: Some tourists are confused by our flavours or how we serve food. Sometimes, they
don’t know how to order. I usually help by explaining and we have pictures of the drinks.
Pointing usually works.

Y: How does the presence of international tourists influence daily life or traditions in
your community?

X: Tourists bring joy, but they also change how we do things. Some drinks have been
changed for foreign tastes. But we keep the classic ones for the locals. It’s a mix now,
with both old and new styles.

Y: Can you share an example of a personal or community event that reflects an
important cultural value in Taipei?

X: During the Dragon Boat Festival, we sell special drinks with rice dumplings. The
festival is about teamwork, and everyone celebrates together. It’s a time when family
comes together.

Y: My last question would be: You mentioned that tourists love bubble tea is your shop
doing better because its “touristy”?

X: Maybe I get more customers during holiday season, but the other stands are also
popular with diIerent people. So, I don’t know if I am doing better. But I know that
everyone wins when the market does well!

Y: Thank you for your time.

Interview with a representative of the Jiufen Visitor Center:

Y: Thank you for taking the time to talk to me. I wanted to ask about the tourism in Jiufen.

X: No problem, I hope I can help.

Y: So, my main question would be if there are any issues similar to those like Kyoto,
where overtourism has impacted the local lifestyle. What has your experience been
here?

X: So Jiufen is quite popular. But while we do see high numbers, the situation here is
different. Jiufen’s location in the mountains naturally limits access. And the narrow
streets slow the flow of tourists, which can help manage the impact.

Y: That makes sense, do the narrow streets also help to “direct” the tourists?

X: Exactly, the shops are also lined up along the path, so tourists normally don’t go away
from the main road.

Y: That makes sense. So, would you say the local residents have been aIected by the
increasing tourism? Has it changed the town?

X: Yes, it has had an impact. The rise of visitors can be overwhelming, especially during
peak seasons. Some locals have had to change their daily routines. But, Jiufen relies on
tourism, so there is a balance between welcoming visitors and keeping the lifestyle of
the residents.

Y: When you say Jifuen needs tourism, does that mean the local people also do?

X: Yes, many businesses here are family-owned, so tourism is a major part of our
livelihood.

Y: Makes sense. Then how does Jiufen manage the flow of tourists? Are there any
strategies to ensure the town isn’t overwhelmed?

X: Public transportation plays a big role in controlling the number of tourists. Since most visitors arrive by bus or train. We use these services can control the flow. The
government has also worked on improving infrastructure. And we are also oIering
visitor guidance to spread out crowds.

Y: That is a good strategy. When it comes to the tradition and beauty of Jiufen do you do
anything to keep it the way it is?

X: Yes, we also try to be mindful of preserving the history and atmosphere that makes
Jiufen special. Because this is why tourists come.

Y: Good to hear, I think this is important. So, as you may know in Kyoto, certain districts
were closed to tourists. Do you think something like that could happen here, or is the
situation more manageable?

X: Hmm, it’s always a concern when too many tourists come at once. But until now we
manage without taking such extreme measures.

Y: Do you think the size of Jiufen is not a problem when it comes to this?

X: Jiufen is a smaller town, and the local government works closely with businesses and
residents. I am sure we all don’t want to reach that point. I think it’s more about finding
good ways to welcome visitors and also keep the town as it is.

Y: That is a nice way of saying it. So, something I’ve noticed is that Taiwanese people
tend to be more direct in communication than Japanese. Do you think that this mindset
helps if locals talk with the local government or visitors?

X: Yes, this helps a lot. If there are problems from residents or businesses, we hope they
tell us directly.

Y: When it comes to tourists’ behaviour do you also try to educate them?

X: Yes, we also try to educate tourists about respectful behaviour while visiting. For
example, keeping the noise down and respecting the gardens of the locals.

Y: When you mention gardens is this a problem here? That tourists enter without
permission.

X: Yes, but most of the times it’s not only the tourist’s fault. There were no signs in some
cases. But when it comes to other problems the community has been good at managing them.

Y: Could you give me an example?

X: For example, we heard that a few shop owners complained about the amount of
waste thrown away at their store. But then everybody started to put up trash cans in
their shop and the amount was split between them.

Y: That’s nice so nobody has to do all the work alone.

X: Exactly we are a community here.

Y: That’s very nice to hear. Thank you for your time! It was interesting to see how Jiufen is handling tourism.

X: You’re welcome! Thank you too and enjoy Jiufen.